WCAG Guideline 3.1.1: Language of Page Explained
Estimated read time: 5–6 minutes
Guideline 3: Understandable
The Understandable principle ensures that web content is clear and predictable for all users. This includes making sure that language is properly identified so assistive technologies can present content accurately.
Guideline 3.1: Readable
Guideline 3.1 focuses on making text content readable and understandable by identifying the language of the page and any changes in language.
What Is Guideline 3.1.1 Language of Page?
"The default human language of each web page can be programmatically determined."
Guideline 3.1.1 requires that the main language of a web page is specified in the code, usually with the lang attribute in HTML.
- Helps screen readers and translation tools present content correctly
- Essential for users who rely on assistive technology
- Applies to every web page, regardless of content
For more, see Stanford UIT: Page and Inline Language .
Why Does It Matter?
- Inclusivity: Correct language settings help screen readers and translation tools.
- Legal Compliance: Language of Page is a Level A requirement in WCAG 2.1 and 2.2.
- Usability: Improves comprehension and accessibility for all users.
For more, see W3C’s guidance on language of page .
What Needs a Language Attribute?
- All web pages
- Documents and browser tabs
- Any content that can be navigated to directly
How to Make Language of Page Accessible
- Use the correct lang attribute in the HTML tag
- Document language conventions
- Test with screen readers and translation tools
For more, see the W3C's Language of Page Techniques .
Common Mistakes to Avoid
- Missing or incorrect lang attribute
- Not documenting language conventions
- Not testing with screen readers or translation tools
Differences Between A, AA, and AAA for Guideline 3.1.1 in WCAG 2.2
- Level A: Requires the default language of each page can be programmatically determined. This is the core requirement for 3.1.1 and is mandatory for basic accessibility.
- Level AA: For Guideline 3.1.1, there are no additional requirements beyond Level A in WCAG 2.2. Meeting Level A for this guideline also satisfies Level AA.
- Level AAA: For Guideline 3.1.1, there are no additional requirements beyond Level A in WCAG 2.2. Meeting Level A for this guideline also satisfies Level AAA.
For more, see the W3C’s official documentation for 3.1.1 Language of Page .
Quick Checklist
- The lang attribute is set correctly on every page
- Language conventions are documented
- Tested with screen readers and translation tools
Summary
Guideline 3.1.1 is essential for helping users understand your site. By setting the correct language, you support users with disabilities, improve usability, and meet legal requirements. Test your site regularly and make language accessibility a core part of your development process.